ABSTRACT
Introduction: Supraclavicular Brachial plexus block is commonly used for upper limb surgeries. Supraclavicular block described as spinal of the arm because of the dense motor and sensory blocked below mid humerus. Advantages of the supraclavicular block are potent intraoperative and postoperative analgesia, reduction in stress response, reduction in opioid requirements and general anesthesia-related side effects. The Aim of the study: To evaluate the success rate as well as the quality of blockade and clinical efficacy of the Lateral approach compared with the Subclavian Perivascular approach of brachial plexus block for upper limb surgeries and both approach guided by peripheral nerve stimulators. Materials and methods: Sixty patients of ASA grade I and II of either sex undergoing upper limb surgeries were randomly allocated into two groups I and II. Each group comprises of 30 patients. Surgery was done under the Lateral approach of Brachial plexus Block in group I and under the subclavian perivascular approach of Brachial plexus block in group II. Results: Time to perform the block was shorter, Number of attempts was less and complications were less by the Lateral approach when compared to subclavian Perivascular approach. Conclusion: Supraclavicular block of brachial plexus by Lateral approach provides an adequate sensory blockade and motor blockade, with less time to perform block and reduced number of S. Arul Rajan, M. Bhavani, T. Murugan. Comparative study of lateral approach and subclavian perivascular approach of supraclavicular brachial plexus block using the peripheral nerve stimulators. IAIM, 2018; 5(5): 57-62. Page 58 attempts and good tourniquet tolerance, and high success rate and fewer complications when compared to subclavian perivascular approach.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Myopia or nearsightedness is a spherical error of refraction, whereby the images are focused in front of retina. Eye, being an organ rich in activated oxygen species, requires a high level of antioxidants to protect the unsaturated fatty acids. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is one of the proteins that is produced by Muller cells within the retina and is also endowed with antioxidant properties. Genetic polymorphism of APO E is controlled by three common alleles e3, e2 and e4 and rare e1, e4v at the APOE structural gene locus. Different isoforms of APO E differ in their antioxidant properties, and the e4 allele has lesser ability to combat oxidative stress. AIMS: Myopia being a disease influenced by oxidative stress, the present study was undertaken to find association of myopia with APO E polymorphism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 187 myopic cases and 192 controls were genotyped for apolipoprotein E polymorphism. RESULTS: In both controls and myopic cases, E3/3 genotype was found to be the most frequent one. There was an increase in E3/4 genotype frequency among male probands, high myopia cases and probands with early age at onset, suggesting that the E3/4 genotype might confer risk for myopia development. CONCLUSION: This association with E3/4 genotype might predispose susceptible individuals to develop high myopia and early onset myopia.